1 – Balagué, F., Mannion, A. F., Pellisé, F., & Cedraschi, C. (2012). Non-specific low back pain. The Lancet, 379(9814), 482-491.
2 – Walker, B. F. (2000). The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques,13(3), 205-217.
3 – Andersson, G. B. (1999). Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain.The lancet, 354(9178), 581-585.
4 – Croft, P. R., Macfarlane, G. J., Papageorgiou, A. C., Thomas, E., & Silman, A. J. (1998). Outcome of low back pain in general practice: a prospective study.Bmj, 316(7141), 1356.
5 – Dillane, J. B., Fry, J., & Kalton, G. (1966). Acute back syndrome—a study from general practice. BMJ, 2(5505), 82-84.
6 – Von Korff, M., & Saunders, K. (1996). The course of back pain in primary care.Spine, 21(24), 2833-2837.
7 – Chou, R., Qaseem, A., Snow, V., Casey, D., Cross, J. T., Shekelle, P., & Owens, D. K. (2007). Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Annals of internal medicine, 147(7), 478-491.
8 – Koes, B. W., van Tulder, M., Lin, C. W. C., Macedo, L. G., McAuley, J., & Maher, C. (2010). An updated overview of clinical guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care. European Spine Journal, 19(12), 2075-2094.
9 – Hayden, J., Van Tulder, M. W., Malmivaara, A., & Koes, B. W. (2005). Exercise therapy for treatment of non‐specific low back pain. The Cochrane Library.
10 – Kankaanpää, M., Taimela, S., Airaksinen, O., & Hänninen, O. (1999). The Efficacy of Active Rehabilitation in Chronic Low Back Pain: Effect on Pain Intensity, Self‐Experienced Disability, and Lumbar Fatigability. Spine, 24(10), 1034-1042.
11 – Mayer, T. G., Tencer, A. F., Kristoferson, S., & Mooney, V. (1984). Use of noninvasive techniques for quantification of spinal range-of-motion in normal subjects and chronic low-back dysfunction patients. Spine, 9(6), 588-595.
12 – Radebold, A., Cholewicki, J., Polzhofer, G. K., & Greene, H. S. (2001). Impaired postural control of the lumbar spine is associated with delayed muscle response times in patients with chronic idiopathic low back pain. Spine, 26(7), 724-730.
13 – Dankaerts, W., O’Sullivan, P., Burnett, A., & Straker, L. (2006). Differences in sitting postures are associated with nonspecific chronic low back pain disorders when patients are subclassified. Spine, 31(6), 698-704.
14 – Shirado, O., Ito, T., Kaneda, K., & Strax, T. E. (1995). Flexion-relaxation phenomenon in the back muscles: A Comparative Study Between Healthy Subjects and Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, 74(2), 139-144.
15 – Langevin, H. M., & Sherman, K. J. (2007). Pathophysiological model for chronic low back pain integrating connective tissue and nervous system mechanisms.Medical hypotheses, 68(1), 74-80.
16 – Accident Compensation Corporation, 2004. New Zealand acute low back pain guide incorporating the guide to assessing psychosocial yellow flags in acute low back pain. Wellington ACC.
17 – Symonds, T. L., Burton, A. K., Tillotson, K. M., & Main, C. J. (1996). Do attitudes and beliefs influence work loss due to low back trouble?. Occupational Medicine, 46(1), 25-32.
18 – George, S. Z., Fritz, J. M., Bialosky, J. E., & Donald, D. A. (2003). The effect of a fear-avoidance–based physical therapy intervention for patients with acute low back pain: results of a randomized clinical trial. Spine, 28(23), 2551-2560.
19 – Nicholas, M. K., Linton, S. J., Watson, P. J., & Main, C. J. (2011). Early identification and management of psychological risk factors (“yellow flags”) in patients with low back pain: a reappraisal. Physical therapy.
20 – Jensen, M. P., Turner, J. A., Romano, J. M., & Karoly, P. (1991). Coping with chronic pain: a critical review of the literature. Pain, 47(3), 249-283.
21 – Pengel, L. H., Herbert, R. D., Maher, C. G., & Refshauge, K. M. (2003). Acute low back pain: systematic review of its prognosis. Bmj, 327(7410), 323.
22 – Van den Hoogen, H. J., Koes, B. W., Devillé, W., van Eijk, J. T., & Bouter, L. M. (1997). The prognosis of low back pain in general practice. Spine, 22(13), 1515-1521.
23 – Bergquist-Ullman, M., & Larsson, U. (1977). Acute low back pain in industry: a controlled prospective study with special reference to therapy and confounding factors. Acta Orthopaedica, 48(S170), 1-117.
24 – Donelson, R., McIntosh, G., & Hall, H. (2012). Is it time to rethink the typical course of low back pain?. PM&R, 4(6), 394-401.
25 – Waxman, R., Tennant, A., & Helliwell, P. (2000). A prospective follow-up study of low back pain in the community. Spine, 25(16), 2085-2090.
26 – Gibson, J. N. A., & Waddell, G. (2007). Surgical interventions for lumbar disc prolapse: updated Cochrane Review. Spine, 32(16), 1735-1747.
27 – Chou, R., Loeser, J. D., Owens, D. K., Rosenquist, R. W., Atlas, S. J., Baisden, J., … & American Pain Society Low Back Pain Guideline Panel. (2009). Interventional therapies, surgery, and interdisciplinary rehabilitation for low back pain: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline from the American Pain Society. Spine, 34(10), 1066-1077.
28 – Jacobs, W. C., van Tulder, M., Arts, M., Rubinstein, S. M., van Middelkoop, M., Ostelo, R., … & Peul, W. C. (2011). Surgery versus conservative management of sciatica due to a lumbar herniated disc: a systematic review. European Spine Journal, 20(4), 513-522.
29 – Fisher, E. S., & Welch, H. G. (1999). Avoiding the unintended consequences of growth in medical care: how might more be worse?. Jama, 281(5), 446-453.
30 – Ash, L. M., Modic, M. T., Obuchowski, N. A., Ross, J. S., Brant-Zawadzki, M. N., & Grooff, P. N. (2008). Effects of diagnostic information, per se, on patient outcomes in acute radiculopathy and low back pain. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 29(6), 1098-1103.
31 – Kendrick, D., Fielding, K., Bentley, E., Kerslake, R., Miller, P., & Pringle, M. (2001). Radiography of the lumbar spine in primary care patients with low back pain: randomised controlled trial. Bmj, 322(7283), 400-405.
32 – Boden, S. D., Davis, D. O., Dina, T. S., Patronas, N. J., & Wiesel, S. W. (1990). Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery, 72(3), 403-408.
33 – van Middelkoop, M., Rubinstein, S. M., Kuijpers, T., Verhagen, A. P., Ostelo, R., Koes, B. W., & van Tulder, M. W. (2011). A systematic review on the effectiveness of physical and rehabilitation interventions for chronic non-specific low back pain. European Spine Journal, 20(1), 19-39.
34 – Laslett, M., Aprill, C. N., McDonald, B., & Öberg, B. (2006). Clinical predictors of lumbar provocation discography: a study of clinical predictors of lumbar provocation discography. European spine journal, 15(10), 1473-1484.
35 – Laslett, M., McDonald, B., Aprill, C. N., Tropp, H., & Őberg, B. (2006). Clinical predictors of screening lumbar zygapophyseal joint blocks: development of clinical prediction rules. The Spine Journal, 6(4), 370-379.
36 – Laslett, M., Aprill, C. N., McDonald, B., & Young, S. B. (2005). Diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain: validity of individual provocation tests and composites of tests. Manual therapy, 10(3), 207-218.
37 – Long, A., Donelson, R., & Fung, T. (2004). Does it matter which exercise?: A randomized control trial of exercise for low back pain. Spine, 29(23), 2593-2602.
38 – Long, A., May, S., & Fung, T. (2008). Specific directional exercises for patients with low back pain: a case series. Physiotherapy Canada, 60(4), 307-317.
39 – Browder, D. A., Childs, J. D., Cleland, J. A., & Fritz, J. M. (2007). Effectiveness of an extension-oriented treatment approach in a subgroup of subjects with low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Physical therapy, 87(12), 1608-1618.
40 – Deutscher, D., Werneke, M. W., Gottlieb, D., Fritz, J., & Resnik, L. (2014). Physical Therapists’ Level of McKenzie Education, Functional Outcomes, and Utilization in Patients with Low Back Pain. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physiotherapy, 44(12), 925-936
41 – Surkitt, L. D., Ford, J. J., Hahne, A. J., Pizzari, T., & McMeeken, J. M. (2012). Efficacy of directional preference management for low back pain: a systematic review. Physical therapy, 92(5), 652-665.
42 – Helvoirt, H., Apeldoorn, A. T., Ostelo, R. W., Knol, D. L., Arts, M. P., Kamper, S. J., & Tulder, M. W. (2014). Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections Followed by Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy to Prevent Surgery for Lumbar Disc Herniation. Pain Medicine.
43 – Albert, H. B., & Manniche, C. (2012). The efficacy of systematic active conservative treatment for patients with severe sciatica: a single-blind, randomized, clinical, controlled trial. Spine, 37(7), 531-542.
44 – Larsen, K., Weidick, F., & Leboeuf-Yde, C. (2002). Can passive prone extensions of the back prevent back problems?: A randomized, controlled intervention trial of 314 military conscripts. Spine, 27(24), 2747-2752.
46 – Seco, J., Kovacs, F. M., & Urrutia, G. (2011). The efficacy, safety, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of ultrasound and shock wave therapies for low back pain: a systematic review. The Spine Journal, 11(10), 966-977.
47 – Poitras, S., & Brosseau, L. (2008). Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, interferential current, electrical muscle stimulation, ultrasound, and thermotherapy. The Spine Journal, 8(1), 226-233.
48 – Chou, R., & Huffman, L. H. (2007). Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Annals of internal medicine, 147(7), 492-504.
49 – May, S., & Aina, A. (2012). Centralization and directional preference: A systematic review. Manual therapy, 17(6), 497-506.